Florida Veterinary Continuing Education

• Identify bacterial antimicrobial resistance mechanisms for resisting antimicrobial agents
• Discuss the molecular basis for bacterial antimicrobial resistance
• Explain laboratory methods for detecting and measuring antimicrobial resistance

• This contains all courses with the educational objectives listed from Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 210 through Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine 213

Parts 1-3

• Demonstrate understanding of how preconditioning and other preventive management procedures can reduce the frequency of antibiotic treatments for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).
• Describe the components of a good preconditioning program and how BRD can be prevented in the feedlot.
• Describe how preventing BRD tends to cost less than clinical treatments with antibiotics.

• Describe medicated milk replacer and how it is regulated under the Veterinary Feed Directive.
• Identify antibiotics that historically were most commonly added to medicated milk replacer.
• List the disadvantages associated with using medicated milk replacer.
• Describe proper management and preventive medicine that are critical to long-term calf health.
• Describe a good colostrum management program for dairy calves.

• Describe the management practices that can prevent scours in calves, such as high quality colostrum management, sanitation and proper isolation procedures.
• Explain the proper role of antimicrobial agents in treating calves with scours.

• Discuss the general guidelines for the judicious use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis.
• Describe the factors to consider in the selection of an antimicrobial drug for mastitis treatment.
• Outline the preventive measures that may be taken on a dairy farm with regards to mastitis.
• Discuss proper indications for the use of antimicrobials for contagious mastitis in dairy cattle.
• Demonstrate understanding of the need to follow proper treatment protocols when using an antibiotic to treat individual cows for contagious udder pathogens.
• Explain how somatic cell counts and culture results are used to formulate a herd antibiotic treatment plan for contagious udder pathogens.
• Describe how antimicrobial treatment of contagious udder pathogens can be greatly reduced in herds by using effective mastitis prevention and control programs.
• Recognize the futility of using antibiotics to treat cases of contagious mastitis if the cow is to be returned to a herd where she will quickly become reinfected.

• Identify the frequency of antimicrobial use in small animal practice
• Summarize the classes and types of antimicrobials commonly used in small animal practice

• Describe the association between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance
• Demonstrate understanding of the use of bacterial culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing as an important diagnostic tool to support antimicrobial therapy

• Identify how antibiotics are frequently used in the pocket pet industry and how the use of antibiotics in pocket pets may select for antimicrobial resistance
• Discuss how animal and human health may both be impacted by antimicrobial resistance
• Describe how veterinarians in agriculture departments work with veterinarians and other health professionals in local, state, and federal health departments to investigate and control zoonotic disease
• Summarize how the use of antibiotics may select for the dissemination of gene cassettes conveying resistance to multiple antibiotics

• Discuss how antibiotics are frequently used in treatment of canine pyoderma
• List the factors to be considered when choosing antibiotic therapy
• Identify the underlying causes of canine pyoderma and possible diagnostic and treatment options
• Describe the importance of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing, and effective communication with the client
• Demonstrate understanding of how animal and human health can both be affected by antibiotic resistance

• Discuss the use antibiotics to treat feline lower urinary tract disease
• List factors that need to be considered when using antibiotic therapy in cases of feline lower urinary tract disease
• Identify the importance of bacterial culture results in the selection of an antibiotic

• Be aware of the guidelines for feline upper respiratory infections set by the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID)
• Name the underlying causes of feline upper respiratory infections
• Determine the appropriate diagnostic tests and interpretations for cases of feline upper respiratory infection
• Explain when the use of antibiotics is appropriate for cases of feline upper respiratory infections and which 2 antibiotics would be appropriate to use empirically
• Identify 3 alternative treatment options for antibiotics in cases of feline upper respiratory infection and describe when these treatment options are appropriate

• Outline how antibiotics were discovered and what drives the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs.
• Define and differentiate the following related terms: antibiotic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiparasitic, and antifungal.
• Describe the different mechanisms of action for antimicrobial drugs, and associate these mechanisms with the common classes of antimicrobial drugs.
• Explain pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors that affect dose and duration of treatment needed to provide effective therapy for bacterial infections.
• Describe some important considerations in prescribing antimicrobial drugs to successfully treat infections in animals without promoting microbial drug resistance.

• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
• Explain to clients how cardiovascular disease affects the patient.
• Explain diagnostic and treatment plans to clients.
• Answer clients’ questions concerning the medications needed by the patient.
• Explain the basic anatomic arrangement of the mammalian digestive system.
• Relate changes in the digestive system to the development of disease symptoms.
• Explain to owners why their pet is ill and how the problem is best treated.
• Explain the interrelationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
• Understand the clinical pathologic changes that occur with each endocrine disease.
• Describe how the absence of a specific hormone can have clinical effects on the animal.
• Explain to owners the treatment regime necessary for their pets.
• Explain the structures of the eye and the purpose of each.
• Describe how changes from normal result in clinical disease.
• Discuss and demonstrate the proper treatments for common eye problems in small animals.
• Describe the cellular components of blood.
• Relate changes in blood components to common blood diseases seen in dogs and cats.
• Discuss with owners treatment options for specific blood dyscrasias seen in dogs and cats.
• Describe the arrangement and importance of the skin as an organ.
• List common ectoparasites that produce skin disease in companion animals.
• Demonstrate the ability to explain parasite control for the most common ectoparasites.
• Relate diagnosis and treatment of skin lumps and bumps, for example,tumors,abscesses, and cysts.

• Demonstrate a working knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system.
• Explain to clients how cardiovascular disease affects the patient.
• Explain diagnostic and treatment plans to clients.
• Answer clients’ questions concerning the medications needed by the patient.
• Explain the basic anatomic arrangement of the mammalian digestive system.
• Relate changes in the digestive system to the development of disease symptoms.
• Explain to owners why their pet is ill and how the problem is best treated.
• Explain the interrelationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
• Understand the clinical pathologic changes that occur with each endocrine disease.
• Describe how the absence of a specific hormone can have clinical effects on the animal.
• Explain to owners the treatment regime necessary for their pets.
• Explain the structures of the eye and the purpose of each.
• Describe how changes from normal result in clinical disease.
• Discuss and demonstrate the proper treatments for common eye problems in small animals.
• Describe the cellular components of blood.
• Relate changes in blood components to common blood diseases seen in dogs and cats.
• Discuss with owners treatment options for specific blood dyscrasias seen in dogs and cats.
• Describe the arrangement and importance of the skin as an organ.
• List common ectoparasites that produce skin disease in companion animals.
• Demonstrate the ability to explain parasite control for the most common ectoparasites.
• Relate diagnosis and treatment of skin lumps and bumps, for example,tumors,abscesses, and cysts.
• Describe how muscles and bones act together to result in purposeful movement.
• List various musculoskeletal problems with respect to bone, muscle, joint, or combinations of each as the cause.
• Discuss various musculoskeletal problems, treatments, therapy with clients.
• Know what diagnostic tests are needed for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.
• Describe the arrangement of the nervous system.
• Relate the dysfunctions of various portions of the nervous system to diseases seen in companion animals.
• Discuss symptoms and treatments of neuronal disease with clients.
• Relate the specific cause of disease with the pansystemic clinical signs seen in dogs and cats.
• Initiate the proper safety methods to prevent spread of these transmissible or infectious dis-eases within the clinic.
• Discuss with clients the necessity of an effective vaccination program.
• Explain how environment and husbandry conditions affect the health of the young or immunosuppressed older pet.
• Explain to clients the health reasons for ovariohysterectomy or castration of their pets.
• Recognize the problem areas in the reproductive system of the male and female and relate them to the clinical symptoms.
• Advise clients on pregnancy-related problems.
• Review the anatomy of the respiratory system.
• Recognize the difference between the upper and lower respiratory diseases.
• Discuss with owners the prescribed medications and treatments commonly used for respiratory diseases in the small-animal clinic.
• Recommend vaccination to owners as a way to prevent some of the viral and bacterial respiratory diseases.
• Explain the anatomy of the urinary system and the functions it performs.
• Describe how bacterial and viral infections can occur and how these may lead to the formation of stones.
• Identify the most commonly seen canine bladder stones.
• Explain the benefits of castration as it relates to prostate disease in the male dog.
• Discuss the cause of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.

• Describe how muscles and bones act together to result in purposeful movement.
• List various musculoskeletal problems with respect to bone, muscle, joint, or combinations of each as the cause.
• Discuss various musculoskeletal problems, treatments, therapy with clients.
• Know what diagnostic tests are needed for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases.
• Describe the arrangement of the nervous system.
• Relate the dysfunctions of various portions of the nervous system to diseases seen in companion animals.
• Discuss symptoms and treatments of neuronal disease with clients.
• Relate the specific cause of disease with the pansystemic clinical signs seen in dogs and cats.
• Initiate the proper safety methods to prevent spread of these transmissible or infectious dis-eases within the clinic.
• Discuss with clients the necessity of an effective vaccination program.
• Explain how environment and husbandry conditions affect the health of the young or immunosuppressed older pet.
• Explain to clients the health reasons for ovariohysterectomy or castration of their pets.
• Recognize the problem areas in the reproductive system of the male and female and relate them to the clinical symptoms.
• Advise clients on pregnancy-related problems.
• Review the anatomy of the respiratory system.
• Recognize the difference between the upper and lower respiratory diseases.
• Discuss with owners the prescribed medications and treatments commonly used for respiratory diseases in the small-animal clinic.
• Recommend vaccination to owners as a way to prevent some of the viral and bacterial respiratory diseases.
• Explain the anatomy of the urinary system and the functions it performs.
• Describe how bacterial and viral infections can occur and how these may lead to the formation of stones.
• Identify the most commonly seen canine bladder stones.
• Explain the benefits of castration as it relates to prostate disease in the male dog.
• Discuss the cause of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.

• Discuss the epidemiology of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 53 conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Abortions to Burns) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 51 conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Candidiasis to Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 42 conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Early Embryonic Loss to Fumonisin Toxicosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 49 conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Gasterophilus to Hypoxemia) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 64 conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Ileus to Myonecrosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 87 conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Nasal Polyps to Pythiosis) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 61 conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Rabies to Spinal Injury) affecting their horse

• Discuss the epidemiology of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Recognize the clinical presentation of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Differentially diagnose 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Apply therapeutic goals and treatments of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Discuss prognosis and outcomes of 63 conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting the horse
• Educate clients about conditions (Splenic Abscess to Zygomycosis) affecting their horse

• Define glaucoma
• List the risk factors to developing glaucoma
• Describe the classification scheme for glaucoma
• Differentiate congenital, primary and secondary glaucoma
• Explain the theories for the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of primary glaucoma

• Cite the Incidence of secondary vs primary glaucoma
• Describe Uveitis and its role in secondary glaucoma
• Identify the key findings in a number of conditions associated with secondary glaucoma
• Summarize the pathogenesis in a number of conditions associated with secondary glaucoma
• Describe the diagnosis and treatment findings in a number of conditions associated with secondary glaucoma

• Define primary glaucoma
• Recognize the signs of primary angle closure glaucoma
• Describe methods for diagnosing primary angle closure glaucoma
• Summarize the benefits and disadvantages to the various methods used to evaluate the iridocorneal angle
• List the common techniques used to evaluate the optic disc and the retinal nerve fiber layer

• Summarize the incidence of feline glaucoma
• Outline the etiology of secondary glaucoma
• Describe the clinical signs of feline glaucoma
• Explain the medical management of feline glaucoma
• Compare and contrast the surgical management of feline glaucoma

• Describe aqueous humor production
• Outline the anterior/trabecular or conventional outflow pathway
• Differentiate the structures of the trabecular meshwork
• Identify factors that influence outflow through the trabecular meshwork
• Explain the uveoscleral or unconventional outflow pathway
• Summarize factors that can create resistance to outflow through the uveoscleral pathway

• Describe the mechanism of action of parasympathomimetic drugs
• Summarize the clinical use and contraindications to the use of adrenoreceptor medications
• Outline the approaches to prophylactic therapy
• Explain how common glaucoma medications have a neuroprotective effect
• Identify some emerging therapies and delivery systems to treat glaucoma in dogs

• Summarize the techniques used to study genetic disorders
• Explain the genetics of human glaucoma and its relevance to studying the canine disease
• Describe the genetics of extracellular matrix abnormalities that are associated with primary glaucoma
• Compare the genetics of canine primary open angle and angle closed glaucoma
• List strategies to target primary glaucoma in canine populations

• Describe the mechanisms of aqueous outflow
• Describe the morphology observed in goniodysgenesis
• Explain the concurrent histological findings associated with primary glaucoma
• List factors that can lead to the misinterpretation of the histological findings in primary glaucoma
• Summarize the changes observed in the posterior segment

• List the surgical treatments for treating canine glaucoma
• Describe the most common surgical approach for decreasing aqueous humor production
• Explain how diode laser energy is applied in treating glaucoma
• Summarize the advantages to performing endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation
• List the postsurgical complications observed in cyclophotocoagulation therapy

• List the surgical procedures aimed at controlling intraocular pressure
• Describe how gonioimplants are used to decrease intraocular pressure by diverting aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
• Explain how medical treatments are required in the long-term management of surgical filtering procedures
• Recognize common complications that can lead to gonioimplant failure
• Describe the role of wound healing modulation in the successful management of postoperative filtering devices
• Identify surgical procedures for the nonvisual eye

• Associate the traditional Chinese medicine metaphors to the corresponding Western physiology and anatomy concepts
• Compare and contrast the concepts of Qi, Yin, Yang, Zang and Fu
• Recognize the relationship between Zang and Fu organs and their association with the Cooking Pot Analogy
• Relate how a deficiency of a particular source of Qi may produces multiple manifestations and health effects
• Describe the concept of pulse diagnosis
• Summarize the similarities and differences in taking the History of Present Illness
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of behavioral disorders
• Identify the correspondence of modern Western therapeutic herbal supplements to traditional Chinese medicine remedies.
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm, the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of behavioral and emotional disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approachs to dermatological disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency

• Identify the correspondence of modern Western nutritional approaches and therapeutic herbal supplements to traditional Chinese medicine remedies
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Digestive Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm, the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Digestive Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Digestive Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Ear Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm, the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Ear Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Ear Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Endocrine, Hematological and Immunological Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm, the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Endocrine, Hematological and Immunological Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Endocrine, Hematological and Immunological Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency

• Identify the correspondence of modern Western nutritional approaches and therapeutic herbal supplements to traditional Chinese medicine remedies
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Infectious Diseases
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Infectious Diseases
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Infectious Disease based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Liver and Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Liver and Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Liver and Musculoskeletal Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Neoplastic Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Neoplastic Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Neoplastic Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency

• Identify the correspondence of modern Western nutritional approaches and therapeutic herbal supplements to traditional Chinese medicine remedies
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Neurological and Ophthalmologic Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Neurological and Ophthalmologic Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Neurological and Ophthalmologic Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Liver and Respiratory Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Liver and Respiratory Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Liver and Respiratory Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency
• Compare the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm to the modern Western medicine theories in the etiology of Reproductive and Urological Disorders
• Recognize in the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm and the similarity of etiology for a wide variety of Reproductive and Urological Disorders
• Differentiate the traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic approaches to Reproductive and Urological Disorders based on the theory of excess or deficiency

• Assess the history of traditional acupuncture and its application to veterinary medicine
• Describe the anatomy of acupoints
• Relate the classification of acupoints to organ systems
• Explain the neurophysiological basis of acupuncture
• Analyze the current research on acupuncture as it relates to veterinary practice
• Outline the Eastern concepts of acupuncture
• Describe the traditional Eastern approached to diagnosis and treatment
• Use the methods of classification by The Five Elements, The Eight Conditions and Zang – fu theory to develop a treatment formula
• Recognize the various techniques of acupuncture and the types of instrumentation employed
• Summarize the principles of Point Selection

• Identify the canine acupuncture points
• Correlate the canine acupuncture points to the associated cutaneous nerve
• Differentiate disease causations in dogs based on Western and traditional Chinese medicine approaches
• Describe the components of the canine examination in traditional Chinese medicine
• Explain the diagnosis and treatment of specific canine musculoskeletal disorders using traditional Chinese medicine
• Outline the use of acupuncture for canine neurological disorders
• Describe the implementation of acupuncture for the treatment of thoracolumbar and cervical disk disease in small mammals
• Explain trigger point treatment in dogs
• Summarize the efficacy of acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disorders and heart disease in small animals
• Outline the approaches used in traditional Chinese medicine to critical care situations in dogs

• Compare and contrast the study and treatment of gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders from Western medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine perspectives
• Explain the theory and evidence for the effects of acupuncture on gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological function
• Identify the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders according to the patterns of the Eight Principles, vital substances, Zang-fu organs, pathogenic factors, channels and the four level theory on heat-induced disease
• Describe the recommended acupuncture treatment for gastrointestinal, reproductive, immunological and dermatological disorders
• Assess the evidence for the the use of acupuncture in surgical and postoperative analgesia
• Identify the acupuncture points used to induce analgesia in specific anatomical locations
• Explain the technique of gold bead implantation
• Summarize the differences and similarities in applying acupuncture to avian and mammalian patients
• Outline the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine herbal remedies in treating the avian patient
• Describe the theory and principles of auricular therapy in animals

• Explain the similarities and difference in the traditional versus the transpositional approach to equine acupuncture
• Compare and contrast the location and function of the traditional Chinese back Shu points with the transpositioanl Shu points
• Identify the location and function of the traditional Chinese acupuncture points in horses
• Define the traditional Chinese medicine approaches of the Eight Principles, the Zang-fu Organs and the Five Elements
• Identify the location and function of the transpositional acupuncture points in horses
• Contrast the principles of diagnosis from a Western and traditional Chinese medicine perspective
• Outline the components of the traditional Chinese acupuncture examination
• Integrate the various approaches in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese acupuncture in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and chronic back pain in horses
• Describe the etiology and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders of horses within the traditional Chinese medicine paradigm
• Develop traditional Chinese medicine treatment formulas for general conditions in the horse using the Eight Principles
• Explain the theory of Ting point therapy and Thoresen coronary band therapy
• Describe the methods of palpation for and the treatment of Ting points and Thoresen coronary band therapy points
• Diagnose conditions using the Eight Principles based on inspection, hearing and smelling, inquiry and palpation
• Critique the Whole-Horse approach to acupuncture in performance horses
• Explain proper saddle fitting and how improper fitting can result in low back pain
• Describe the application of traditional Chinese medicine to equine sports medicine
• List the muscles of the horse, their associated meridians and their Zang-fu organ relationships
• Outline the basic principles of force, motion and material strength in biological tissues and apply them to the biomechanics of the horse
• Summarize the application of traditional Chinese acupuncture to cattle
• Identify the acupuncture points in the pig