Online Continuing Education Courses

• Discuss the current evidence-base of mobile health and smart phone apps and list 5 ways that mHealth apps can aid in medical care
• Describe and discuss mobile health interventions for specific diagnoses including brain injury, spinal cord injury, musculoskeletal injury, cardiac rehab, pain management and amputee care
• Outline and describe 4 limitations regarding the use of mHealth apps in rehabilitation medicine
• Describe 2 patient-centered mobile health applications in rehabilitation medicine
• Describe 2 applications for Community and Social Integration

• Describe telerehabilitation, including services that can be provided under its scope, and list 3 examples of how it can be delivered
• List and discuss 3 ways that telerehabilitation has been shown to strengthen the patient-provider connection
• Describe the use of telemedicine in specialized care including patients with stroke, TBI, MS and SCI
• Discuss findings and list 2 benefits of cardiac telerehabilitation for CAD and CHF
• Describe the use of telerehabilitation for rheumatology, chronic pain and musculoskeletal conditions
• Discuss of the WFOT’s position on telehealth

• Discuss 5 factors that effect the nutritional needs of a female athlete
• Describe the macronutrient needs of a female athlete including carbohydrates, fats and proteins
• Describe the micronutrient needs of a female athlete including iron, vitamin D, zinc, calcium, magnesium and B vitamins
• Define and differentiate other nutritional concerns including runners gut, gut ischemia, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccaharides, monosaccharides and polyols
• Examine and outline the effects of 4 important supplements including caffeine, creatine, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Beta-alanine

• Define sudden cardiac death (SCD) and list 2 epidemiologic and gender differences between male and female athletes
• Discuss 2 findings related to athletic remodeling in athletes
• Examine and explain 2 structural differences related to myocardial wall thickness and list 3 reasons related to these differences
• Describe oxygen consumption, congenital heart disease and bicuspid aortic valve differences between male and female athletes
• Examine and describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC)
• Describe the significance of the Marfan Syndrome

• Describe 3 key characteristics of sacroiliac joint dysfunction, piriformis syndrome and pelvic dysfunction
• List 3 therapeutic modalities for each of the above conditions
• Analyze 2 manual therapy techniques for each of the above conditions
• Describe 3 key components of the home exercise program

• Describe 3 key characteristics of the following conditions: lumber facet/arthrosis/spondylosis, lumbar disc pathology, lumbar radiculopathy, lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolosthesis, spinal stenosis and other lumbar spine disorders
• List 3 therapeutic modalities for each of the above conditions
• Analyze 2 manual therapy techniques for each of the above conditions
• Describe 3 key components of the home exercise program

• Outline the characteristic pattern of symptoms for cervical facet arthopathy, disc pathology and radiculopathy
• Describe 2 diagnostic criteria for cervical facet arthopathy, disc pathology and radiculopathy
• Summarize 3 components of manual therapy for cervical facet arthopathy, disc pathology and radiculopathy
• Discuss 2 specialized techniques for the treatment of cervical facet arthopathy, disc pathology and radiculopathy

• Outline 3 key characteristics of various foot and ankle injuries including lateral ankle sprains, chronic ankle instability, Achilles tendinopathy, posterior tibial tendinopathy, plantar fasciitis and other ankle disorders
• Summarize and list 3 treatment guidelines for all of the injuries listed above
• Define which modality is used for diagnosing each of the above pathologies
• Provide an outline of 3 exercises used in the rehab of each foot and ankle injury listed above
• Define 2 specialized techniques used for each of the foot and ankle injuries listed above

• Outline 3 key characteristics of various knee injuries including OA, patellofermoral syndrome, patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy, ligament sprains, meniscal tears, iliotibial band friction syndrome and other knee disorders
• Summarize and list 3 treatment guidelines for all of the injuries listed above
• Define which modality is used for diagnosing each of the above pathologies
• Provide an outline of 3 exercises used in the rehab of each knee pathology listed above
• Define 2 specialized techniques used for each of the knee pathologies listed above

• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of hip osteoarthritis
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for hip osteoarthritis
• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of iliopsoas tendinopathy and bursopathy
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for iliopsoas tendinopathy and bursopathy
• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of greater trochanteric pain syndrome
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for greater trochanteric pain syndrome
• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of hamstring strains and tendinopathy
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for hamstring strains and tendinopathy
• Describe diagnostic criteria for each of the following conditions noted above

• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of DeQuervain's tenosynovitis
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for DeQuervain's tenosynovitis
• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Summarize 5 characteristics and clinical features of Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis
• Outline 5 components of the rehab program for Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis
• Describe diagnostic criteria for each of the following conditions: DeQuervain's, CTS and Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis

• Define 3 key clinical features of lateral epicondylopathy
  
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for lateral epicondylopathy
• Define 3 clinical features of medial epicondylopathy
  
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for medial epicondylopathy
• Define key clinical features of olecranon bursitis, distal biceps tendinopathy, ulnar neuropathy and ulnar collateral ligament injury
  
• Outline and describe 2 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for olecranon bursitis, distal biceps tendinopathy, ulnar neuropathy and ulnar collateral ligament injury

• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for shoulder impingement syndrome
• List and describe 6 physical examinations used for assessing shoulder impingement syndrome
• Define the key clinical features of rotator cuff tendinopathy
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for rotator cuff tendinopathy
• Define the key clinical features of glenohumeral osteoarthritis
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for glenohumeral osteoarthritis
• Define the key clinical features of glenohumeral joint instability
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for glenohumeral joint instability
• Define the key clinical features of adhesive capsulitis
• Outline and describe 4 therapeutic interventions included in a rehab program for adhesive capsulitis

Part I: Leg Pain in the Athlete: Stress Fractures, Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome, and External Compartment Syndromes

• Discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, and external compartment syndromes
• Describe the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis that should be performed with stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, and external compartment syndromes
• Outline and describe nonoperative treatment for stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, and external compartment syndromes
• Outline and describe postoperative rehab after stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, and external compartment syndromes
• Review evidenced-based resources for the diagnosis, treatment and management of stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, and external compartment syndromes

Part II: Tibial Shaft Fractures

• Discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for tibial shaft fractures
• Describe the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis that should be performed with tibial shaft fractures
• Outline and describe nonoperative treatment for tibial shaft fractures
• Outline and describe postoperative rehab after tibial shaft fractures
• Review evidenced-based resources for the diagnosis, treatment and management of tibial shaft fractures

• Incorporate biomechanical principles of the shoulder as they relate to prevention and postinjury or postsurgical rehabilitation for specific injuries
• Associate anatomic structures of the shoulder to particular injuries based on function of the structures during the pitching act
• Explain the role of the rotator cuff in shoulder arthrokinematics and prevention of injury
• Develop a rehabilitation program for specific pathologic shoulder conditions that takes into account the biomechanical function and healing parameters for the anatomic structures involved
• Advance an athlete through phases of shoulder rehabilitation based on specific criteria for progression
• Incorporate rehabilitation limitations and concerns for specific postinjury and postsurgical pathologic shoulder conditions

Rehabilitation of the LE: Thigh and Knee Injuries

• Identify common muscular injuries involving the quadriceps, hamstring, and groin areas.
• Recall typical sports-related injuries to the thigh and apply appropriate treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
• Apply different rehabilitation strategies based on stages of healing for soft tissue injuries of the thigh.
• Recognize appropriate activities to increase muscular strength and endurance for the hamstring, quadriceps, and groin muscle groups.
• Identify appropriate functional activities for rehabilitation of thigh injuries.
• Identify activities that may cause detrimental stress on a healing/reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, or lateral collateral ligament.
• Identify activities that may cause detrimental stress on the patellofemoral joint.
• Develop appropriate rehabilitation programs for athletes with a variety of knee injuries.
• Determine when to advance an athlete's rehabilitation program by using specifi c measurable criteria.
• Discuss the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of arthrometry, lower extremity functional tests, and isokinetics.
• Interpret information obtained from an arthrometer, lower extremity functional tests, and measures of strength.

Shoulder Rehabilitation

• Incorporate biomechanical principles of the shoulder as they relate to prevention and postinjury or postsurgical rehabilitation for specific injuries.
• Associate anatomic structures of the shoulder to particular injuries based on function of the structures during the pitching act.
• Explain the role of the rotator cuff in shoulder arthrokinematics and prevention of injury.
• Develop a rehabilitation program for specific pathologic shoulder conditions that takes into account the biomechanical function and healing parameters for the anatomic structures involved.
• Advance an athlete through phases of shoulder rehabilitation based on specific criteria for progression.
• Incorporate rehabilitation limitations and concerns for specific postinjury and postsurgical pathologic shoulder conditions.

• Identify common muscular injuries involving the quadriceps, hamstring, and groin areas
• Recall typical sports-related injuries to the thigh and apply appropriate treatment and rehabilitation strategies
• Apply different rehabilitation strategies based on stages of healing for soft tissue injuries of the thigh
• Recognize appropriate activities to increase muscular strength and endurance for the hamstring, quadriceps, and groin muscle groups
• Identify appropriate functional activities for rehabilitation of thigh injuries

• Identify activities that may cause detrimental stress on a healing/reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, or lateral collateral ligament
• Identify activities that may cause detrimental stress on the patellofemoral joint
• Develop appropriate rehabilitation programs for athletes with a variety of knee injuries
• Determine when to advance an athlete's rehabilitation program by using specifi c measurable criteria
• Discuss the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of arthrometry, lower extremity functional tests, and isokinetics
• Interpret information obtained from an arthrometer, lower extremity functional tests, and measures of strength

• Explain the fundamental basis of plyometric training, its origins, and its applications
• Describe the mechanical and neuromuscular physiologic processes involved in the stretch-shortening cycle and how it applies to plyometrics
• Describe the important clinical considerations surrounding the appropriate use of plyometrics in the orthopedic and sports medicine rehabilitation setting
• Describe and apply important fundamentals for the use of plyometrics as a rehabilitation tool, including pretraining assessment, application of exercise prescription principles, and injury prevention
• Design a basic plyometric training program at low-, medium-, and high-intensity levels
• Use a variety of upper and lower extremity plyometric exercises as a part of the rehabilitation process

• Explain the biomechanical and neuromuscular factors that predispose females to lower extremity injury
• Relate biomechanical and neuromuscular factors to the lower extremity injuries more commonly experienced by females
• Describe specific rehabilitation interventions targeting the neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors associated with lower extremity injury in female athletes

• Explain the physical properties of water, including buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, viscosity, and fluid dynamics
• Identify the effect of immersion on weight bearing and appropriately apply weight-bearing guidelines in a clinical situation
• Explain the physiologic responses of water immersion
• Compare and contrast the physiologic response of exercise on land and in water
• Identify and apply recommended guidelines for cardiovascular conditioning in water
• Design a comprehensive aquatic-based rehabilitation program for an athlete that uses the principles of stretching, strengthening, balance, and aerobic conditioning

• Define the muscle-tendon unit
• Describe the stages of tissue healing and the importance of application of this knowledge in rehabilitation
• State the mechanism of injury for strains
• Identify characteristics of the different grades of strains and application of this to rehabilitation
• Describe the classifications of tendon pathology
• State key aspects of the clinical evaluation
• Identify rehabilitation principles for acute and chronic injuries and design appropriate rehabilitation interventions
• Describe rehabilitation treatment techniques for common muscle-tendon pathologies

• Outline techniques for Achilles tendon surgery and rehabilitation
• Describe peroneal tendon surgery and rehabilitation
• Define and differentiate 3 conditions where posterior tibial tendon surgery may be indicated
• List key features of plantar fascia rehabilitation
• Review hallux valgus surgery and rehabilitation techniques
• Understand categories for ankle stabilization surgery and post op rehab protocols

• Become familiar with the use of anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing substances in the adolescent athlete
• List 5 side effects of the use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS)
• Outline 5 interventions to decrease the use of steroids among adolescents
• List 5 risk factors for the use of AAS
• Understand the use and risks of using Human Growth Hormone
• Describe and differentiate amphetamines and other stimulants

• Review anatomy and biomechanics of the ACL
• Explore risk factors and injury patterns for the ACL
• Become familiar with treatment options and outcomes for ACL repair
• Describe various surgical techniques for ACL reconstruction
• Outline postop rehabilitation protocols and discuss outcomes following ACL surgery

• Describe the anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the growing knee
• Review examination techniques of the injured immature knee
• Describe and differentiate specific fractures of the knee including their management, complications and outcomes
• Outline and define imaging techniques
• Become familiar with surgical techniques for fractures in the growing knee

Tendinopathy of the Extensor Apparatus of the Knee

• Define and differentiate tendinopathies of the extensor apparatus of the knee
• Become familiar with Osgood-Schlatter lesions including diagosis, imaging, differential diagnosis and management
• Describe the conservative and surgical management of patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy
• Outline a therapy protocol for patellar tendonitis
• Become familiar with conditions that cause anterior knee pain in children

Fractures in the Growing Knee in Children and Adolescents

• Describe the anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the growing knee
• Review examination techniques of the injured immature knee
• Describe and differentiate specific fractures of the knee including their management, complications and outcomes
• Outline and define imaging techniques
• Become familiar with surgical techniques for fractures in the growing knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

• Review anatomy and biomechanics of the ACL
• Explore risk factors and injury patterns for the ACL
• Become familiar with treatment options and outcomes for ACL repair
• Describe various surgical techniques for ACL reconstruction
• Outline postop rehabilitation protocols and discuss outcomes following ACL surgery

• Define and differentiate tendinopathies of the extensor apparatus of the knee
• Become familiar with Osgood-Schlatter lesions including diagosis, imaging, differential diagnosis and management
• Describe the conservative and surgical management of patellar and quadriceps tendinopathy
• Outline a therapy protocol for patellar tendonitis
• Become familiar with conditions that cause anterior knee pain in children

• Understand the classification of patellofemoral disorders
• Outline the symptoms of patellofemoral disorders
• Become familiar with conservative and surgical treatments for patellofemoral disorders
• Describe surgical techniques for the treatment of patellofemoral disorders
• Understand chronic dislocation of the patella and its treatment

• List 10 potential benefits of resistance training for young athletes
• Outline and explain important factors in designing a resistance program
• Define concepts of specificity of training, periodization, restoration and preseason conditioning
• Outline 10 preseason conditioning guidelines for young athletes

• List 4 known developmental variants of the knee
• Outline 5 congenital and development disorders of the knee
• Differentiate acute trauma disorders of the knee vs chronic trauma
• Understand key points of how to read an MRI of the knee
• Become familiar with key points on how to identify various conditions of the knee with MRI

• List key components of a history and physical exam of the child's knee
• Become familiar with specific conditions of the knee
• Define and differentiate various conditions of the child's knee including patellofemoral pain and meniscal pathology
• Become familiar with ligamentous injuries of the knee
• Outline and describe common tests used to examine the child's knee

• Identify the predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of muscle damage and overuse
• Describe muscle damage secondary to metabolic overload and  to mechanical factors
• Summarize the physiological effects of muscle damage
• Compare the damaging effects of isometric, concentric, and eccentric exercises on the muscle
• Identify the increased risk of muscle damage in the young athlete
• List the classification of muscle strain
• Describe the healing of muscle cells and fibers
• Summarize the appropriate management of damage to muscle

• Define exercise training and identify the goal of exercise training for athletes
• List and explain the training principles
• Define and explain the goals of periodization
• Describe the cycle types within each phase of periodization
• Define and differentiate between overreaching and the overtraining syndrome (OTS)
• Distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic forms of OTS
• Discuss the major hypotheses proposed to explain the causes and mechanisms of OTS
• Identify components important to monitor during training
• Suggest techniques to prevent OTS
• Identify treatment for OTS
• Define detraining and indicate the factors that influence the magnitude and rate of loss of training adaptations
• Describe the consequences of detraining on the metabolic system, cardiorespiratory and the neuromuscular system

• Explore and outline the physiology of plyometric exercises
• Design a functional progression of plyometric exercises
• Determine the physiological requirements before starting a plyometric exercise program
• Determine the importance of posture and jumping techniques in plyometric exercises
• Identify the landing strategies in plyometric exercises
• Design a plyometric training program
• Integrate foot work into speed development programs
• Give objectives for jumping patterns
• Describe how to progress an athlete in work, intensity, and volume

• Describe the physiological adaptations within the muscle following strength exercises
• Provide examples of the changes that occur with neural adaptations within muscle
• List the major contributors to improving muscle strength
• Explain the differences among strength, power, and endurance
• Distinguish among how to train Type I, Type IIA, and Type IIB muscle fiber types
• Identify the number of repetitions, sets, and amount of resistance necessary to increase muscle strength and hypertrophy
• Describe the effects of aging on muscle
• Describe the phases of periodization training
• Describe the differences among eccentric, concentric, and isometric exercises
• Provide examples of off-season, in-season, and maintenance programs for athletes

• Define the hip and trunk CORE
• Evaluate the CORE muscles and structure
• Delineate the difference between local and global muscles on the back
• Identify the muscles of the abdominal area that are considered stabilizing
• Identify the spinal muscles that stiffen the spine
• Evaluate the CORE dysfunction 
• Instruct patients in exercises designed to strength hip and trunk muscles
• Identify the correlation between muscle weakness in the hip and lower extremity injuries

• Describe conditions that may effect joint motion
• Describe impairments in joint ROM
• Describe normal and abnormal joint end-feels
• Explain capsular patterns
• Explore the scientific basis of stretch
• List and explain principles of ROM and stretching
• List and explain various types of stretching exercises
• List and explain the precautions and contraindications to ROM and stretching

• Describe the nature and complexity of "coordinated movement"
• Describe and objectively measure disorders of coordination
• Explain elements of neuromuscular control and functional stability
• Define proprioception
• Describe the importance of proprioception and its contribution to normal movement
• Define common disorders of proprioception
• Rationalize the important role of ligaments in position sense
• Recognize, perform and analyze various therapeutic interventions that focus on proprioceptive deficits
• Differentiate and apply methods of problem-solving, multitasking, cognitive overlays, and multistep commands to improve coordination

• Define the concept of endurance for both the cardiovascular and muscular systems
• Describe the physiological responses in the heart, lungs, and peripheral structures to exercise
• Explain the roles and response of skeletal muscles and respiratory muscles to exercise
• Identify 5 effects of disuse and-or immobility and aging on exercise response
• Outline the acute response to aerobic, isometric, and resistive exercise
• List 3 benefits of chronic aerobic exercise
• List 5 cardiovascular and pulmonary risk factors and explain how to reduce the risk with exercise

• Describe the physiological components of balance
• Outline changes in balance across the lifespan
• Define the role of the balance system in regaining function
• Describe the assessment of balance as a means to determine fall risk and to guide treatment
• Explain how to develop an appropriate exercise program to treat impairments and functional limitations related to balance

• Define and differentiate between key elements of muscle performance; strength, power, muscle endurance
• List key factors that influence the tension-producing capacity of normal skeletal muscle
• Explain the relationships among muscle fatigue, recovery from exercise and overtraining
• List precautions and contraindications for resistance exercise
• Describe principles and concepts of specificity or exercise, transfer of training overload, and reversibility as they relate to resistance exercise
• Describe the adaptation of muscle, connective tissue and bone to resistive exercise
• State general principles for application and implementation of resistance exercise

Hour 1

• Recall the most common types of lumbar spine injuries among athletes participating in different sports.
• Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of the treatment-based classification system as it applies to the treatment of the athlete’s lumbar spine.
• List 3 contemporary treatment models that can be applied to the management of lower back pain in the athlete.

Hour 2

• Recall the definition and importance of red and yellow flags during the medical screening process.
• Identify 3 red flags that may implicate a non-mechanical source of lower back pain.
• List the difference between central and peripheral sensitization.

Hour 3

• List one treatment goal in phase 2 rehabilitation of the athlete’s lumbar spine.
• Cite one treatment principle in phase 3 rehabilitation of the athlete’s lumbar spine.
• Summarize two variations of the squat exercises that can be used to decrease strain on the lumbar spine.
• Recall three variations of the deadlift exercises that can be used to decrease strain on the lumbar spine.
• Summarize the McGill core endurance ratio tests that can be used to guide the return to sport decision making processes

Hour 1

• Recall 2 pathological pitching mechanical patterns that may lead to injury
• List 3 injury risk factors in in the overhead athlete
• Provide 4 injury prevention screening tests for the overhead athlete
• With respect to shoulder strength, cite 3 metrics  that can be used as red flags to identify players who are at higher risk for incurring an injury to the shoulder /elbow

• Summarize the key difference between the cartilage restoration vs cartilage reparation procedures.
• List 3 personal (health and demographic) factors that need to be considered when following a rehabilitation program following cartilage restoration/reparative procedures.
• Enumerate 3 lesion-specific factors that need to be considered when following a rehabilitation program following cartilage restoration/reparative procedures.
• Recall three goals during phase 1 (0-2 weeks) of a rehabilitation program following cartilage restoration/reparative procedures.
• Cite five return to play criteria that need to be met following cartilage restoration/reparative procedures.
• Summarize the evidence-based outcomes for the 3 most common cartilage restoration/reparation techniques.

• Enumerate three physical / clinical examination findings associated with rupture of the quadriceps tenon.
• List 3 patient specific factors that need to be considered when following a rehabilitation program following repair of the quadriceps or patella tendon.
• Recall three goals during phase 1 (0-2 weeks) of a rehabilitation program following repair of the quadriceps or patella tendon.
• Identify three goals during phase 3 of a rehabilitation program following repair of the quadriceps or patella tendon.
• Cite five return to play criteria that need to be met following repair of the quadriceps or patella tendon.

• Recall 3 potential reasons, based on expert opinion, that may contribute to the high re-tear rate following rotator cuff repair.
• Recite 4 factors that impact the rehabilitation program for patients following rotator cuff repair.
• Summarize the DeOrio classification for rotator cuff tear size.
• State 3 appropriate exercises during weeks 0-2 following rotator cuff repair
• Provide 2 appropriate exercises during weeks 6-8 following rotator cuff repair
• Name 3 appropriate exercises during weeks 8-12 following rotator cuff repair

• Recite 3 risk factors for developing rotator cuff tendonosis
• State the purpose of the scapula reposition and scapula assistance test.
• Explain how to perform the external rotation lag sign and recall the purpose of this test
• Paraphrase one evidence - based test cluster for diagnosing a rotator cuff tear.
• Recall two indications/goals for performing posterior glenohumeral joint mobilizations.
• Cite the clinical prediction rule (CPR) for favorable outcome in patients undergoing conservative management for rotator cuff disorders
• Identify two criteria for phase I rehabilitation exercises for rotator cuff disorders

• Identify the anatomy of upper motor neuron tract systems and discuss the functionality of upper motor neuron tract systems
• Explain the effects of a spinal cord injury
• Discuss the anatomy and functionality of regions of the brain
• Describe complications post injury of brain and spinal cord injury
• Describe standard treatment procedures prior to rehabilitation of brain and spinal cord injured patients
• Explain the difference between neurological deficit rigidity versus disuse atrophy/spasm of spinal cord and head injured patients
• Describe treatment options for rehabilitation of spinal cord and head injured patients
• Explain treatment methods to transition C curve locomotion to S curve locomotion
• Explain treatment methods for atrophy and spasm
• Discuss most current curative research for spinal cord and head injured patients

• Define proprioception and describe how it is measured
• Discuss proprioception from a rehabilitative perspective
• Examine ankle, knee and shoulder proprioception and rehabilitation
• Examine spinal proprioception and sensorimotor training
• Summarize rehabilitation recommendations for proprioceptive deficits

• Identify and describe the major factors influencing muscular strength
• Assess the chiropractic influences on strength
• Identify and discuss the strength training principles
• Illustrate components of a training session
• Apply training principles into a practical strength program

• Describe the long term course of LBP
• Describe neuromuscular impairments following LBP
• Differentiate the effects of pain on the neuromuscular system
• Discuss the models that explain the nature of motor problems with pain
• Differentiate and discuss the potential sources of LBP

• Describe the contribution of hip vs. spinal motion
• Distinguish poor motor patterns of hip and low back movements and what to do about it
• Differentiate the role of exercise for neck disorders and determine what type of exercise works
• Delineate the neural adaptations to exercise and apply towards rehabilitation
• Describe current issues in low back rehabilitation (such as can low back tissues heal within a few weeks?)

• Review sensory-motor control and rehabilitation
• Discuss aerobic exercise for LBP patients
• Describe muscle training of the hip, abdominal and paraspinal muscles
• Identify how aerobic exercise improves motor performance in the elderly
• Distinguish the effects of different training styles on the cross-sectional area of paraspinal muscles